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17/12/2025
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Pham, N. A., Nguyen, T. L. H., & Nguyen, T. M. (2025). Calculation of pollution loadings and preliminary estimation of alcohol consumption in Hanoi. Journal of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, 97, 8-12. https://dev.vojs.vn/index.php/jwree/article/view/4
Calculation of pollution loadings and preliminary estimation of alcohol consumption in Hanoi
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Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a cultural practice in many countries around the world, including Vietnam. Estimating alcohol consumption is essential for making public health recommendations. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a tool that can help estimate alcohol consumption within a community based on information such as the concentration of the alcohol biomarker ethyl sulfate (EtS) in wastewater, the population residing in the area, and the wastewater flow rate. This study determined the flow rate of the Kim Nguu River and analyzed its water quality in November 2023. The results indicate that the water quality of the Kim Nguu River is poor, with daily loads of approximately 21.3 tons of COD, 9.6 tons of BOD5, 17.59 tons of TSS, 5.35 tons of TN, and 0.96 tons of TP. Based on EtS concentrations referenced from another study, the estimated alcohol consumption in Hanoi is approximately 2.61±0.33 mL/person/day. These findings contribute to the recommendations for wastewater treatment and environmental pollution reduction in Hanoi, while also providing a preliminary estimate of alcohol consumption among the city's residents, which can inform public health recommendations.
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Keywords
Alcohol, wastewater, pollution, loads, Hanoi
References
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World Health Organization. (2018). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018.
Zheng, Q., Chan, G. C. K., Wang, Z., Connor, J. P., Ren, Y., & Thai, P. K. (2022). Assessing alcohol consumption in a Chinese urban population and a university town using high temporal resolution wastewater-based epidemiology. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 230, 109178.
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Zheng, Q., Tscharke, B. J., Krapp, C., O’Brien, J. W., Mackie, R. S., Connor, J., Mueller, J. F., Thomas, K. V., & Thai, P. K. (2020). New approach for the measurement of long-term alcohol consumption trends: Application of wastewater-based epidemiology in an Australian regional city. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 207, 107795.
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Hạ, T. Đ. (2021). Các giải pháp kỹ thuật phù hợp để cải thiện ô nhiễm nước sông Kim Ngưu. Tạp chí Khoa học Công nghệ Xây Dựng (KHCNXD) – ĐHXDHN, 15(4V), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.31814/stce.huce(nuce)2021-15(4V)-01
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110762
Bui, T. X., Ngo, H. K. T., Vu, G. T., Zheng, Q., Nguyen, D. M., Hue, T. T. T., Binh, V. N., Anh, N. T. K., & Thai, P. K. (2024). Assessing the impact of stricter drink driving policy on alcohol consumption in a population of Hanoi, Vietnam using wastewater analysis. Drug and Alcohol Review.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13929
Chen, J., Venkatesan, A. K., & Halden, R. U. (2019). Alcohol and nicotine consumption trends in three U.S. communities determined by wastewater-based epidemiology. Science of The Total Environment, 656, 174–183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.350
Fallati, L., Castiglioni, S., Galli, P., Riva, F., Gracia-Lor, E., González-Mariño, I., Rousis, N. I., Shifah, M., Messa, M. C., Srepprapam, M. G., Vai, M., & Zuccato, E. (2020). Use of legal and illegal substances in Malé (Republic of Maldives) assessed by wastewater analysis. Science of The Total Environment, 698, 134207.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134207
Gao, J., O’Brien, J. W., Li, J., Choi, P. M., Li, Y., & Thai, P. K. (2023). Assessment of in-sample and in-sewer stability of biomarkers in wastewater-based epidemiology: an important step. In Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for the Assessment of Human Exposure to Environmental Pollutants (pp. 83–122). Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19172-5.00001-9
Hue, T. T. T., Zheng, Q., Anh, N. T. K., Binh, V. N., Trung, N. Q., Trang, H. T., Chinh, P. Q., Minh, L. Q., & Thai, P. K. (2022). Prevalence of illicit drug consumption in a population of Hanoi: an estimation using wastewater-based epidemiology. Science of The Total Environment, 815, 152724.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152724
Hương, N. T. L., Ohtsubo, M., Li, L., Higashi, T., & Kanayama, M. (2008). Assessment of the water quality of two rivers in Hanoi City and its suitability for irrigation water. Paddy and Water Environment, 6(3), 257–262.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-008-0125-y
Lan Hương, N., & Việt Nga, T. T. (2023). Nghiên cứu đánh giá diễn biến chất lượng nước và tải lượng ô nhiễm vào sông Tô Lịch. Tạp chí Khoa học Công Nghệ Xây Dựng (KHCNXD) – ĐHXDHN, 17(2V), 144–153.
https://doi.org/10.31814/stce.huce2023-17(2V)-11
Li, D., Zheng, Q., Thomas, K. V., Dang, A. K., Binh, V. N., Anh, N. T. K., & Thai, P. K. (2023). Use of artificial sweeteners and caffeine in a population of Hanoi: An assessment by wastewater-based epidemiology. Science of The Total Environment, 868, 161515.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161515
Lương, D. H., Nguyễn, M. K., Phạm, H. S., Nguyễn, H. H., & Phí, P. H. (2019). Hiện trạng ô nhiễm chất hữu cơ trên các sông nội đô TP. Hà Nội và giải pháp kỹ thuật xử lý. Tạp chí Kinh tế Môi Trường, 154, 57–62.
Ngọc, L. B., & Thắng, N. T. (2018). Tiêu dùng rượu bia ở Việt Nam: Một số kết quả điều tra quốc gia. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân.
Ngoc, L. B., Thien, N. T., & Huong, N. L. B. (2012). The Drink Driving Situation in Vietnam. Traffic Injury Prevention, 13(2), 109–114.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2011.636408
Quyen, D. T. T., Nhi, T. T. Y., Nhon, N. T. T., & Hien, T. T. (2024). Estimating alcohol and tobacco consumption of university students and urban population in Ho Chi Minh City by wastewater analysis. Water Environment Research, 96(7).
https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.11083
Reid, M. J., Langford, K. H., Morland, J., & Thomas, K. V. (2011). Analysis and interpretation of specific ethanol metabolites, ethyl sulfate, and ethyl glucuronide in sewage effluent for the quantitative measurement of regional alcohol consumption. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01505.x
Thai, P. K., Tscharke, B. J., O’Brien, J. W., Zheng, Q., Thomas, K. V., & Mueller, J. F. (2021). Estimating alcohol consumption by wastewater-based epidemiology: An assessment of the correction factor for ethyl sulfate using large-scale national monitoring data. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 8(4), 333–338.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00605
World Health Organization. (2018). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018.
Zheng, Q., Chan, G. C. K., Wang, Z., Connor, J. P., Ren, Y., & Thai, P. K. (2022). Assessing alcohol consumption in a Chinese urban population and a university town using high temporal resolution wastewater-based epidemiology. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 230, 109178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109178
Zheng, Q., Tscharke, B. J., Krapp, C., O’Brien, J. W., Mackie, R. S., Connor, J., Mueller, J. F., Thomas, K. V., & Thai, P. K. (2020). New approach for the measurement of long-term alcohol consumption trends: Application of wastewater-based epidemiology in an Australian regional city. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 207, 107795.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107795
Hạ, T. Đ. (2021). Các giải pháp kỹ thuật phù hợp để cải thiện ô nhiễm nước sông Kim Ngưu. Tạp chí Khoa học Công nghệ Xây Dựng (KHCNXD) – ĐHXDHN, 15(4V), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.31814/stce.huce(nuce)2021-15(4V)-01