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18/12/2025
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Le, T. thu H., Nguyen, V. C., & Hoang, D. T. (2025). Methodologies for cavitation prediction on high-head spillways: Review and propose a hybrid approach. Journal of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, 97, 32-36. https://dev.vojs.vn/index.php/jwree/article/view/11
Methodologies for cavitation prediction on high-head spillways: Review and propose a hybrid approach
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Abstract
Methodologies for cavitation prediction on high-head spillways: Review and propose a hybrid approachCavitation on high-head spillways can cause rapid concrete damage, posing serious threats to structural safety during flood releases. This review synthesizes methodologies for predicting cavitation inception, intensity, and damage risk across laboratory, field, numerical, and machine learning approaches. Both physical and numerical methods have been widely applied; however, they present limitations such as high cost, time consumption, and applicability restricted to individual case studies. The literature indicates that for spillways with similar configurations, the locations most at risk of cavitation damage are typically the same. Building on this insight, this study introduces a novel procedure for predicting cavitation risk by integrating advanced techniques including machine learning and 3D CFD modeling to develop a rapid prediction tool for quantifying the cavitation index.
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Keywords
High-head spillway, procedure of prediction cavitation, 3D CFD, ML method
References
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Dong, Z., Wang, J., Vetsch, D. F., Boes, R. M., & Tan, G. (2019). Numerical simulation of air-water two-phase flow on stepped spillways behind X-shaped flaring gate piers under very high unit discharge. Water (Switzerland), 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11101956
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Lee, W., & Hoopes, J. A. (1996). Prediction of Cavitation Damage for Spillways. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 122(9), 481–488. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:9(481)
Parsaie, A., Dehdar-Behbahani, S., & Haghiabi, A. H. (2016). Numerical modeling of cavitation on spillway’s flip bucket. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 10(4), 438–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-016-0337-y
TCVN. (2012). TCVN 9158:2012 Hydraulic structures - Discharge structures - Calculation method for cavitation. http://www.tlu.edu.vn/tieu-chuan-quy-chuan/tcvn-9158-2012-cong-trinh-thuy-loi-7638
Wan, W., Liu, B., & Raza, A. (2018). Numerical Prediction and Risk Analysis of Hydraulic Cavitation Damage in a High-Speed-Flow Spillway. Shock and Vibration, 2018, 18–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1817307
Yusuf, F., & Micovic, Z. (2020). Prototype-Scale Investigation of Spillway Cavitation Damage and Numerical Modeling of Mitigation Options. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 146(2), 04019057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001671
Thanh Bang Nguyen. (2012, August 15). Nguyên nhân gây xâm thực bê tông và bê tông cốt thép công trình thủy lợi - Giải pháp khắc phục phòng ngừa. https://www.hec.com.vn/nd/
N. Chiến, N. B. (2013). Kiểm tra khí thực ở các đập tràn cao. Áp dụng cho đập tràn của thuỷ điện Lai Châu. Tạp chí KHKT Thủy lợi và Môi trường, 42, 76–80.
Dehdar-Behbahani, S., & Parsaie, A. (2016). Numerical modeling of flow pattern in dam spillway’s guide wall. Case study: Balaroud dam, Iran. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 55(1), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.01.006
Dong, Z., Wang, J., Vetsch, D. F., Boes, R. M., & Tan, G. (2019). Numerical simulation of air-water two-phase flow on stepped spillways behind X-shaped flaring gate piers under very high unit discharge. Water (Switzerland), 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11101956
Falvey, H. T. (1990). Cavitation in Chutes and Spillways. US Bureau of Reclamation. Water Resources Technical Publication, Engineering Nomograph.
Foroudi, A., & Barati, R. (2022). Experimental study of cavitation index in an ogee spillway by considering convergence angle of sidewalls. Water Supply, 22(6), 5729–5738. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.228
Hien, L. T. T., Chien, N. Van, & Duc, N. V. (2024). Evaluation navigation controlled gate of aging spillway on cavitation damage. PLOS ONE, 19(10), e0311247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311247
Kermani, E. F., Barani, G. A., & Ghaeini-Hessaroeyeh, M. (2013). Investigation of cavitation damage levels on spillways. World Applied Sciences Journal, 21(1), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.21.1.2630
Le, H. T. T., Nguyen, V. C., Dang, C. P., Nguyen, T. T. T., Pham, B. Q. T., & Le, N. T. (2023). Numerical assessment on hydraulic safety of existing conveyance structurers. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 9(2), 2771–2781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01685-z
Le, T. H., Nguyen, V. C., & Le, X. H. (2025). Integrating numerical and regression methods for estimating discharge coefficients of intake structures with wingwalls in irrigation networks. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 106(April), 102989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102989
Le, X.-H., & Hien, L. T. T. (2025). Integrating machine learning and empirical approaches for scour depth estimation at sluice gates: evaluating tree-based models, hyperparameter tuning, and proposing new formulas. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 73(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2025-0004
Lee, W., & Hoopes, J. A. (1996). Prediction of Cavitation Damage for Spillways. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 122(9), 481–488. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:9(481)
Parsaie, A., Dehdar-Behbahani, S., & Haghiabi, A. H. (2016). Numerical modeling of cavitation on spillway’s flip bucket. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 10(4), 438–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-016-0337-y
TCVN. (2012). TCVN 9158:2012 Hydraulic structures - Discharge structures - Calculation method for cavitation. http://www.tlu.edu.vn/tieu-chuan-quy-chuan/tcvn-9158-2012-cong-trinh-thuy-loi-7638
Wan, W., Liu, B., & Raza, A. (2018). Numerical Prediction and Risk Analysis of Hydraulic Cavitation Damage in a High-Speed-Flow Spillway. Shock and Vibration, 2018, 18–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1817307
Yusuf, F., & Micovic, Z. (2020). Prototype-Scale Investigation of Spillway Cavitation Damage and Numerical Modeling of Mitigation Options. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 146(2), 04019057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001671
Thanh Bang Nguyen. (2012, August 15). Nguyên nhân gây xâm thực bê tông và bê tông cốt thép công trình thủy lợi - Giải pháp khắc phục phòng ngừa. https://www.hec.com.vn/nd/
N. Chiến, N. B. (2013). Kiểm tra khí thực ở các đập tràn cao. Áp dụng cho đập tràn của thuỷ điện Lai Châu. Tạp chí KHKT Thủy lợi và Môi trường, 42, 76–80.